Charme (Carpinus betulus)

Publié lundi 28 janvier 2013 Commenter 39
Charme

Sommaire

Charme : en bref

Nom scientifique
Carpinus betulus
Provenance / Origine
Régions tempérées (hémisphère Nord)
Période de semi
Automne
Période de floraison
Avril - mai
Couleur de floraison
Jaunâtre, en chatons
Température
Climat continental
Exposition à la lumière
Demi-ombre
Reproduction
Rejets de souche, semis, marcottage
Hauteur
10 à 25m
Acidité du sol
neutre
Entretien
Taille annuelle (si haie)
Type biologique
Vivace
Maladies
Oïdium
Type de feuillage
Caduc
Insectes et animaux ravageurs
Acariens, bombyx

Classification de la plante

Règne
Plantae
Sous-règne
Tracheobionta
Division
Magnoliophyta
Classe
Magnoliopsida
Sous-classe
Hamamelidae
Famille
Betulaceae

Une essence forestière

Le charme est traditionnellement une essence forestière, très utilisée en régime de taillis sous futaie. C’est une essence post-pionnière qui vit fréquemment jusqu’à 100 voire 150 ans. Très répandu dans de nombreuses régions (on considère qu’il représente au moins 5% des arbres forestiers en France), il régresse cependant à l’Ouest.

Morphologie

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L’arbre présente une écorce grise, lisse et un tronc cannelé. Les feuilles alternes, dentées, ont un aspect gaufré très caractéristique. Les fleurs sont dites « en chatons » pendants.

Utilisations et conseils

Le charme a un bois assez dur et homogène. Il est employé en tournerie ou en ébénisterie, mais encore plus en tant que bois de chauffe. Il dégage une grande chaleur lors de la combustion, et constitue par ailleurs un excellent charbon de bois.

Les charmes peuvent être plantés proches des habitations, ils apporteront de l’ombre en été et laisseront passer la lumière en hiver grâce à leurs feuilles marcescentes  (les feuilles meurent en hiver mais restent accrochées aux branches, ce qui forme un feuillage rouge-brun plus diffus). Ils peuvent pousser en bac et conserver une taille permettant de les conserver sur un balcon.

Les charmes peuvent enfin constituer de belles haies, et en particulier les charmilles. Ce sont des allées, couvertes ou non, le long desquelles sont disposées deux rangées de charmes, jamais dégarnis grâce aux feuilles marcescentes. Ces allées auraient la propriété d’attirer les mésanges qui se nourrissent de nombreux insectes parasites de différents végétaux.

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